tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596154639070988862024-03-13T20:28:42.263-07:00Computer Network GraphicsAll Computer Information Introduction to program,A System programming,App Servers,Web Design,Study Computer Graphics,Languages,Software,Software Operating systems produced,Data Comm. SystemUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger75125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-22784789214404092832011-06-14T16:09:00.000-07:002011-06-14T16:09:27.663-07:00Configurations Mac: Mac-rule In this Network Operations Center<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_nFzl2ZzUHs/Tffo63se74I/AAAAAAAACPM/1r7oyvPwGgU/s1600/this+Network.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="101" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_nFzl2ZzUHs/Tffo63se74I/AAAAAAAACPM/1r7oyvPwGgU/s200/this+Network.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>This configuration awesome Mac comes from one of our readers, Rob Abraham. From left to right we have: 2 GHz Dual-Core Hackintosh with 4 GB of RAM and 2 TB of disk space connected to two monitors, iPhone 4, 13 "MacBook Pro with 8GB of RAM and a 500 GB drive connected hybrid 24 "LCD for the correct reading OSXDaily (woohoo!) and a MacBook Air 13" with a 128 GB SSD Do not miss the key wireless keyboard magic touch, or Starbucks iced coffee to keep the human side of things cruising along both.<br />
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But that's not all, left this office is a second heavy Mac Pro Mac connected to a 37-inch TV and two 22-inch screens that show the network status and latency of their datacenter.<br />
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-XhexcONKMoo/Tffo_dmj4bI/AAAAAAAACPQ/FjV5WJ34lRI/s1600/this+Network1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="354" id=":current_picnik_image" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-XhexcONKMoo/Tffo_dmj4bI/AAAAAAAACPQ/FjV5WJ34lRI/s400/this+Network1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com90tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-46703799471501924822011-06-14T15:55:00.000-07:002011-06-14T15:55:36.916-07:00Turn Angry Birds Huggable Birds - Angry Birds PC<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QEU5hytanu0/TffmWUkqNmI/AAAAAAAACPE/_E6l333QAjI/s1600/angry-birds.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QEU5hytanu0/TffmWUkqNmI/AAAAAAAACPE/_E6l333QAjI/s1600/angry-birds.jpg" /></a></div>Angry bird birds are quite well, angry. They seem to be evident in every moment, and I'm really pissed off their eggs. We all love the game, but how do we love these characters can harm us, and a sling. Of course, you switch to these characters in birds Angry soft toys. Made by various companies, Angry Plush Birds are nice and tender versions of your favorite games.<br />
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Angry stuffed birds come in a variety of styles and sizes. The larger the 8-inch versions of physical characters, including all the different types of birds and pigs. Some stores also sell versions of the five-inch and 16 inch versions, while less expensive than 8 inches, but of course, smaller and less sweet for adults and others with longer arms. There is also anger bird plush toys that come with a rattle inside, so when you press the toys are the same sounds that the characters in the game<br />
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Although pigs are the enemies in the game, there are many cases, more pigs and each version has its own version plush, including pigs and mustache with the crown.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-taZDjurahS0/TffmXD6m3CI/AAAAAAAACPI/SbWkeRjXMYs/s1600/angrybirds_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="167" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-taZDjurahS0/TffmXD6m3CI/AAAAAAAACPI/SbWkeRjXMYs/s320/angrybirds_.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Birds angry, and plush toys, there are many other play toys. Backpack key chains are becoming increasingly popular for both the iPhone and iPad cases in birds and / or pigs. You can also get angry Birds keychains, lanyards, magnets, and coasters. Such as toys, you can also angry Birds of pillows so you can cuddle a bird during the rest of the head.<br />
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To play a representation of the real world of game that will please you, then you can start to kill other sandcastles with your own people beachball red birds. Sling is a real angry bird released in mid-2011, but it should be directed to inanimate objects and not on humans. You can create your own fortress angrily stuffed toys birds and shoot them with your slingshot.<br />
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You can also get a version of the real world of the game for young children. The package includes birds, pigs, and pieces of plastic that can be integrated into the structures. The aim of this game is the same as the virtual version, that it requires little children to think laterally.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-71523917480922934402011-06-14T15:46:00.000-07:002011-06-14T15:46:51.027-07:00NBA Live 2003 Free Download - Gratis PC<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-G4drL-cTxjI/TffkzMofsCI/AAAAAAAACPA/Snf16jRgaWU/s1600/NBA+Live.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-G4drL-cTxjI/TffkzMofsCI/AAAAAAAACPA/Snf16jRgaWU/s320/NBA+Live.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>For all lovers of today's NBA, I will present the official game that everyone can enjoy the best that can be a basketball, you can participate in tournaments of your favorite team and win all the fields to go to the game EA Sports Assunta fascinates many people and Each has always been out of the game, now you see the bus protest and provide a guide so you do not need to do the right things, but I want to bring in a short time NBA Live 2003 for free download.<br />
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While the series 2003-do not worry because here came with a new graphics engine that you can see almost lifelike carvings, dribbling and numerous holes in luxury, I think once you start download NBA Live 2003 for PC 'will be amazed at the features it has, do not miss any time the opportunity to show how clever you are with the ball and how you can become one of the best, download NBA Live 2003 PC.<br />
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But if you want to create your character to insert it into a quality team, and you can do because he has a chance, but you know you have to win that many games to work your way through the roof and get to be the best player of the year, your goal here is to get a good contract with a team of high quality, you must work hard to get, free download NBA Live 2003 PC.<br />
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</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-19241628154165955722011-06-12T15:17:00.000-07:002011-06-12T15:19:03.632-07:00The Network Is The Computer<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ydRjQdog4ig/TfU7QRTIpeI/AAAAAAAACO8/gOpGwARJRt8/s1600/The%2BNetwork%2BIs%2BThe%2BComputer.gif"><img style="float: right; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 201px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ydRjQdog4ig/TfU7QRTIpeI/AAAAAAAACO8/gOpGwARJRt8/s320/The%2BNetwork%2BIs%2BThe%2BComputer.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5617461260922168802" border="0" /></a>When I started my research Web 2.0 technologies as part of the process of teaching and learning, I am reminded of an incredible foresight, John Gage, one of the founders of Sun Microsystems. In 1984, he uttered a phrase that has become the mantra of the Sun. "The network is the computer" Put that date in perspective, 1984 was the year of the first user interface of the mass market of computer graphics (Macintosh) is published. It would be more than ten years before the graphical browser (Mosaic) would make his first appearance. The networks were the province of universities and defense. What was your thinking about Gage?<br /><br />Now with the advent of Web 2.0 technology and ubiquitous WiFi access, it is very clear what it meant to Gage. For activities which most of us do most of the time, the network we have access to far more important that the entity through which access is achieved. Online, we can write (and shop and work together) documents, build spreadsheets, save and share photos, maintain collections of bookmarks, develop and deliver presentations, to publish his own work, read the news and correspond with others with almost any device that can access a wireless network. For this work, it does not matter if you use Mac, Windows or a version of Linux you just need a Web browser. Rising, he did not even need a computer in connotative meaning Phones, Pocket PCs and game machines, even can perform most of these functions.<br /><br />Web 2.0 has created a major change in my thinking on the web. In the "old days" I saw the Internet as a book with a very good index. It was exciting to be able to quickly find updated information, but like all books, the information was static and one-sided. I was an observer and did not participate.<br /><br />Now I see the web as a laptop, a place not only find information but also for storage. action, and even participate in its creation and dissemination. Tools like Google Notebook JetEye and allows me to keep (and share) the notes I am researching online. I can add my knowledge or comments about wikis, blog comments, access pictures of my former students, attend meetings, and subscribe to a variety of interesting information via RSS. My access device could be my laptop, but also could be my PDA or cell phone. As these devices increasingly converging in terms of functionality, it is hard to imagine a single device, without much in the form of local storage or operating system that will do everything possible. Then, the network will actually be the computer.<br /><br />As educators, we must consider how to take the functionality of the web tool for students. E 'common practice in K-12 education to make "web search", in essence, a guided tour through some of the pre-selected web pages designed to answer some of the issues identified. It has 21 century equivalent to "read the chapter and answer the questions," we all suffered at school. Many teachers think that because students are encouraged to use the safety guide to find the answers, but they are "to integrate technology in classrooms." This is a "book" on the network, of which above. The problem is that most students, this approach is so twentieth century. I went beyond its own use of the Web (think Facebook, MySpace, Flickr, etc.) and expectations about how the web should work for them. For them, the network is an interactive medium, and have become accustomed to the participants.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com32tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-76312953518571353662011-06-12T15:09:00.000-07:002011-06-12T15:12:21.214-07:00The Network Is The Computer<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Pwsi8UmIeTY/TfU5s2BejVI/AAAAAAAACO0/H3EdiqC383w/s1600/The%2BNetwork%2BIs%2BThe%2BComputer.jpg"><img style="float: right; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 208px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Pwsi8UmIeTY/TfU5s2BejVI/AAAAAAAACO0/H3EdiqC383w/s320/The%2BNetwork%2BIs%2BThe%2BComputer.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5617459552793300306" border="0" /></a><br />London is now the town of Cisco in San Jose, California is owned by the city's Convention Centre Excel.<br /><br />On the evening of Monday, the company has recently appointed Director of Technology and Cloud Computing, Valley veteran Lew Tucker hosted a dinner attended by President and CEO John Chamber of Commerce Keynote Presentation on Tuesday.<br /><br />Mr. Tucker was wise to take on Cisco, which is one of the companies, which show that the old adage that when the gold rush, sell shovels. Cisco makes the routers, probably one of the less glamorous aspects of the Internet, you can imagine. Not that they are the mind and the market value of about 117 billion dollars.<br /><br />Mr. Tucker, a former director of cloud computing, Sun Microsystems, until he purchased the Oracle, and has a long career in time for Salesforce and Thinking Machines, he predicted a world of clouds, which companies use special offer vertical expertise or responsibility and control, medical services and banking, for example. Or maybe the clouds geographical constructed in accordance with local regulations (such as information requirements in the EU, for example).<br /><br />next wave of computing has three key aspects. It is characterized by ubiquitous mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. They speak with cloud data and applications running on powerful servers. But linking the two, and the glue that holds them together, "said Tucker, is the network itself.<br /><br />He predicted a more rational way of various network protocols and access to a set of APIs (Application Program Interface), you are essentially turning online forum, and not just a tool that allows applications and data transfer.<br /><br />Perhaps, finally, a somewhat enigmatic slogan allegedly coined by his former colleague, vice president of Sun Microsystems John Gage again in late 1990, "The Network Is The Computer" can actually be observed. Not that anyone really understood what it meant at that time.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com24tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-35087584731780402532011-05-05T13:53:00.000-07:002011-05-05T13:53:00.224-07:00More Application Servers: BEA WebLogic Server 7<span style="font-weight: bold;">BEA WebLogic Server 7.0 Release Candidate</span><br /><br />WebLogic Server initial costs of implementation and training, and emphasis on developing high-end EJBs, making it a major infrastructure commitment. Them at the forefront of Java technology value of its standards of market leader, and its clustering and high availability.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Cost Analysis</span><br /><br />WebLogic Server is a big ticket purchase, and costs can easily migrate hundreds of thousands of dollars on a cluster of application servers. Other alternatives can do much that WebLogic is not much less, but the level of support and industry-standard Java are incomparable.<br /><br />+ New tools for developing J2EE application development easier, security system that offers greater scalability and manageability, while the cost of transition to the new security API, built on the LDAP server and UDDI.<br /><br />- Companies are expensive to buy, build and maintain a WebLogic Application Manager tool has little ability to constantly monitor server activity.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Rating Short List</span><br /><br /># Co.s application server HP Hewlett-Packard<br /><br /># IBMs WebSphere<br /><br /># Oracle Corp. Oracle9i Application Server<br /><br /># Suns iPlanet Application Server<br /><br /># Server Sybase Inc. Sybase Enterprise Application<br /><br />www.bea.com / products / weblogic / server / index.shtmlUnknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-86515233786382846082011-05-02T01:49:00.000-07:002011-05-02T01:49:00.315-07:00Mature App Server: ColdFusion MX Server BetaColdFusion MX Server beta<br /><br />ColdFusion MX combines ease of use and rapid development, Cold Fusion Markup Language and support industry and the maturity of Java application server. Organizations that want to quickly introduce script-based Web applications should consider this alternative access. However, it is advisable to proceed slowly until a new engine in this publication has been on the market for some time to track down bugs.<br /><br />Cost Analysis<br /><br />They cost less than $ 1000, ColdFusion fits the budget of all departments. actual cost of the compromise between the developer of cost (low, especially compared to Java) and the transition costs required to move the code of low-level programming language, when the site grows.<br /><br />+ Can function as a component in a Java application server, allowing the same server for ColdFusion and JSP applications, components provide a new encapsulation own logic and language can be published as Web services, XML native type, the XPath query and XSLT support.<br /><br />- Some older programs must change to run.<br /><br />Valuing my list<br /><br /># Microsoft Active Server Pages<br /><br /># Microsoft Active Server Pages. Net (in particular, Visual Basic stores)<br /><br /># JavaServer Pages<br /><br /># PHP<br /><br />www.macromedia.com / software / ColdFusionUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-81118495309607705032011-04-30T13:35:00.000-07:002011-04-30T13:35:00.411-07:00ColdFusion RebornColdFusion is doomed to ship next month. Professional Edition (the version we tested) would cost $ 799 per server and upgrades, $ 549 per server.<br /><br />This is a hot product for hot prices especially considering the search engines included in the text and graphics generation.<br /><br />ColdFusions reasonable prices also gives developers more freedom to prototype applications without fear of deadlock: the ColdFusion code can be run within a Java application server to provide a safe way to growth and "small" applications, which become strategic tools of society.<br /><br />ColdFusion Server Enterprise Edition (which supports server clustering) costs U.S. $ 4,999 per server, ColdFusion MX for J2EE, the version that runs inside the servers of third-party application, is priced at $ 3,999 per processor. Macromedia JRun (which is integrated in the low-end versions of ColdFusion MX), IBM WebSphere and iPlanet s Sun Microsystems Inc. will initially be supported by ColdFusion MX for J2EE with BEA WebLogic Server certification comes later this year.<br /><br />ColdFusion MX Server, which runs on Windows, Linux, Solaris or HP-UX, is a bottom-up and re-write the biggest change since ColdFusion was first released. With this release, ColdFusion web pages are not interpreted by a database engine for C-runtime, but now they are compiled into Java bytecode and runs in a Java application server.<br /><br />Unfortunately, the JSP (JavaServer Pages) or Java is not inserted directly into the ColdFusion pages, although the Cold Fusion can use the JSP custom tag libraries via a special interface and call any JavaBean or a method defined by a file Java class. ColdFusion or JSP pages and servlets can also share the application, session and application variable information.<br /><br />But the real value of ColdFusion has always been the language, not the server. EWeek Labs believes ColdFusion CFML (ColdFusion Markup Language), the easiest scripting language to learn, and it does not sacrifice power for simplicity (though it is more detailed than Microsoft Corp. Active Server Pages or PHP PHP groups). This update combined with CFML maturity and a superb cross-vendor support of J2EE world.<br /><br />This change is very strategic for enterprise customers who previously had to balance the rapid development of ColdFusion and the developer base, with its status as a supplier and the additional cost of maintaining and even an application server (especially the one without the support of the industry at large).<br /><br />During the experiments, we found ColdFusion MX is fully compatible with most ColdFusion applications. Our bookstore Nile reasonably complex reference, written for ColdFusion Server 5.0, running on the first try, when we tested with ColdFusion MX.<br /><br />There are a number of compatibility of reservations with less common ColdFusion tags, but Macromedia has a tool for analyzing source code that identifies the areas where you can upgrade problems can occur.<br /><br />ColdFusion MX installer did an excellent job porting options for existing ColdFusion the new model. We were asked to manually edit our Oracle and DB2 data connections for obtaining and running, but this amounted to only a few minutes of work. ColdFusion includes Java Database Connectivity drivers for all major databases.<br /><br />The portion of C for a Java engine can result in a decrease in performance, but Macromedia has compensated for this by build ColdFusion pages, instead of interpreting them. Macromedia staff said its tests showed similar performance between ColdFusion and ColdFusion MX 5.0, with some functions a little faster and a little slower some MX.<br /><br />We did their tests, comparing the two using the Nile Bookstore and stated that the ColdFusion MX was actually a bit 'faster for most users to download. We conducted the tests, Quest Software Benchmark Factory Inc.s load testing tool (www.quest.com), and tested one of 100 concurrent users who do not have time to think.<br />The change of platform is the largest circulation in the long term for ColdFusion MX, but native XML and Web services support, and enhancements CFML are also strong attractions. ColdFusion can still access the Microsoft Component Object Model objects as before in a Java-COM bridge supplied with the product.<br /><br />XML data objects can be handled as native data types in ColdFusion (like a table) and the server now includes XPath query and XSLT (Extensible Style Language Transformation) properties.<br /><br />A new component object responds to a weakness of many years in CFML: their inability to encapsulate the code effectively. Components allow inheritance, and function of the components can be converted to SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) Web based simply adding a "remote" attribute to the function.<br /><br />ColdFusion MX users to find a stable partner for the development of future instruments Macromedias Dreamweaver MX. Dreamweaver MX combines two lines of business development tool, Dreamweaver and HomeSite, a single well-integrated web development tool.<br /><br />Dreamweaver MX, which runs on Windows and Mac OS offers a Web site and page editing functions in CFML pages, as well as many other types of pages: simple HTML, JSP, ASP, ASP. Net (C # and Visual Basic. NET) and PHP. The package is scheduled to ship later this month to $ 399 per song.<br /><br />We were regular users of JRun Studio (the home version of the site) has a number of years, and Dreamweaver will be taken on the characteristics of packet editing, automatic tag completion, the database files, navigation and use.<br /><br />Its interface is a marvel of depth, but at the expense of some clutter folding windows platforms, which have labels, menus that have remained open to see, like a Mandelbrot fractal.<br /><br />Beta 3 of the Code, that the test was also significantly unstable, crashing several times a day. With a file, the cut consistent text when published. He expressed the hope that these issues will be removed from the final version.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-47439372561690150142011-04-28T13:33:00.000-07:002011-04-28T13:33:00.251-07:00Beas New DirectionThe tools are a key component of BEA this year. Although WebLogic Server includes several new tools itself, BEA WebLogic Workshop, sold separately, which really impressed us to the test. WebLogic Workshop and the inventiveness of the graphical style was a surprise, because a development tool that producers lame server applications have a history of producing.<br /><br />WebLogic Server 7.0 became available April 30 when we finished testing the release candidate, and costs $ 10,000 per CPU. It runs on Windows, most Unix operating systems, OS/400 and OS/390. WebLogic Workshop is scheduled for next month. (BEA has not announced pricing yet.)<br /><br />In version 7.0 of WebLogic server itself, a new WebLogic Builder tool provides a separate program for deployment descriptors and WebLogic Edition EJBGen a new tool that automatically creates the descriptors of the home interfaces and remote control and the implementation based on JavaDoc comments in the cloud.<br /><br />Security has been completely revised in WebLogic 7.0, which includes an integrated LDAP user management, a model much better approach than simple text file that has been the default in WebLogic 6.1. Security is now based on the standard Java security (SSPI Security Service Provider Interface), and editor of the policy, it is easier to change the security settings via centralized policy management in one interface.<br /><br />UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery and Integration) 2.0 server is also the use of internal Web services.<br /><br />WebLogic Administration Console is largely unchanged from version 6.1 and follow the performance statistics to the lack of object level, for example, the figures indicating the EJB (Enterprise JavaBeans) had a longer treatment.<br /><br />The main purpose of WebLogic Workshop (and something pleasantly) is wrapping EJB interfaces for networking, database content, Java Message Service queues or other network services. Support for J2EE (Java 2 Enterprise Edition) connectors are designed for shipping a release, but was not present in the beta version we used.<br /><br />In eWeek Labs' tests, created Web services and connect them to the back-end content very easy to use intuitive interface packages. Graphical tools and source code editor is automatic each other to date, and editor noted for syntax errors in real time.<br /><br />WebLogic Workshop Web service is a little close attention, leaving general Java and web development space of the tool. Also, as mentioned above, WebLogic Server 7.0 requires to run the applications it generates.<br /><br />However, WebLogic Workshop run Excel advanced features of J2EE, in particular, message queuing, a surprisingly simple. Tests have shown the influence of space management, automatic data integrity and the generation of EJB, so it's much easier to build complex applications.<br /><br />In addition, Message service listeners turning Java web service-based cows were as simple as turning a cache option. When we split a synchronous Web service in a two-speed asynchronous service by adding a callback request, all variables within our web application was automatically matched with the message ID Web service and stored or loaded from bean entity created automatically if necessary. Session Manager is completely transparent to our application.<br /><br />WebLogic Workshop using simple source language metadata tags have popularized the concept. NET, and Bea was smart enough to borrow the concept. This may become more common in the Java world, where the draft of Java Specification Requests 175 and 181 are the Java standard. Currently, WebLogic Workshop Web service labeling system (based on comments javadoc) is not supported by anyone else at risk at an early stage.<br /><br />WebLogic Workshop uses a loosely coupled Web services interfaces and Java classes. We could for example change the name of Java class names of parameters independently of XML elements or XML structures and use mapping software data clearing system.<br /><br />This mapping system worked using text placeholders for variable names map Java for XML documents as input or output.<br /><br />When we have Java, WebLogic Workshop automatically creates the corresponding XML document with placeholders for each parameter of the method. We could then modify the XML code freely, provided that all the placeholders remained.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-48765120718282380662011-04-26T13:29:00.000-07:002011-04-26T13:32:54.491-07:00App Servers MatureWeb application servers have reached an important level of maturity: The market is evolving at a slower pace, and theres a lot more attention to maintaining the servers in production environments and compression, plus the value of existing investments. In addition, application server vendors are increasingly specialized development tools for your access server technology more complex.<br /><br />This is good news for enterprise IT managers, and clearly show two major releases Application Server: BEA Systems WebLogic Server 7.0 Macromedia ColdFusion MX server Inc.se Inc.s.<br /><br />The first adds performance and reliability features that provide a stronger basis for WebLogic stores, is a completely new server, which aligns with the space of Macromedia's Java application server.<br /><br />Because the application server-based scripting language, ColdFusion MX to a much wider and less technical than the market of WebLogic Server. (ColdFusion MX is able to operate within WebLogic by the end of the year). WebLogic is an infrastructure at the application server and requires a lot of rarefied skill set, although the BEA tool for developing a new strategy, the goal is to change just that.<br /><br />EWeek Labs tested the two application servers as a release candidate, with beta versions of the associated development tools from BEA, and Macromedia, which will help reduce costs and accelerate the development and integration efforts.<br /><br />Beas latest development kit is an impressive WebLogic Workshop. Macromedia, in turn, release a solid update to the popular forums Dreamweaver, Dreamweaver MX. WebLogic Workshop applications are running WebLogic Server 7.0, so these two elements are much more closely than they are, ColdFusion MX and Dreamweaver MX. Even if ColdFusion users tend to find a better instrument for development there, Dreamweaver MXS strong support for all major web scripting languages means that will appeal to a wide range of web developers.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-86850269456015057952011-03-18T23:24:00.000-07:002011-04-26T14:08:20.378-07:00MouseA mouse is a small device used to identify and select items on the computer screen. Although mice in many ways, the conventional mouse is a bit like a real mouse. It's small, rectangular, and is connected to the CPU by a long wire that resembles a tail. Some mice are the latest wireless.<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yFZ9JP48oqk/TX8GnnSkaKI/AAAAAAAAA30/D5A1S4l3_Zg/s1600/f9bdeee5-80cd-47ab-89ee-f43a25fa8fa7.png"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 232px; height: 118px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yFZ9JP48oqk/TX8GnnSkaKI/AAAAAAAAA30/D5A1S4l3_Zg/s320/f9bdeee5-80cd-47ab-89ee-f43a25fa8fa7.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5584189340594235554" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yFZ9JP48oqk/TX8GnnSkaKI/AAAAAAAAA30/D5A1S4l3_Zg/s1600/f9bdeee5-80cd-47ab-89ee-f43a25fa8fa7.png"></a>The mouse is usually two buttons: the left mouse button (usually the left button) and a secondary button. Many of the mice in a wheel between the buttons, you can navigate without problems of screens of information.<br />When you move your mouse hand, the pointer on the screen moves in the same direction. (Appearance of points can change depending on where it was placed on display.) When you select an item, select an item and then select '(short press) the primary key. Pointing and clicking with the mouse is the primary way to interact with the computer.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-55473407834692434902011-03-17T23:21:00.000-07:002011-03-17T23:21:00.555-07:00Floppy DriveFloppy disk drives store data on floppy disks or diskettes also called. Compared to CD and DVD discs can contain only a small amount of data. They also recover more slowly and are more susceptible to damage. For these reasons, floppy disk drives are less popular than they used to be, although some of the computers that contain them<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PrX526uYvIY/TX8F_p4-LiI/AAAAAAAAA3s/sWT6WuhxNxY/s1600/c9552277-989e-44e6-a342-b23b4a81e34a.png"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 150px; height: 144px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PrX526uYvIY/TX8F_p4-LiI/AAAAAAAAA3s/sWT6WuhxNxY/s320/c9552277-989e-44e6-a342-b23b4a81e34a.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5584188654097411618" border="0" /></a>.Why disks "floppy"? Although the outside is hard plastic, it's just the sleeve. The disc is made within a thin, flexible vinyl.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-49937928393758539882011-03-16T23:13:00.000-07:002011-03-16T23:13:00.107-07:00CD & DVD<span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >CD and DVD drives</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PseYkAghEVw/TX8EeYrvYYI/AAAAAAAAA3k/z-zqsv-5__w/s1600/3cf90a51-f35b-4c50-afa0-f9b5f726048c.png"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 200px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PseYkAghEVw/TX8EeYrvYYI/AAAAAAAAA3k/z-zqsv-5__w/s320/3cf90a51-f35b-4c50-afa0-f9b5f726048c.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5584186983031202178" border="0" /></a><br />Almost all computers today come with CD-ROM or DVD drive, usually located on the front of the unit. CD drives use lasers to read (retrieve) data from the CD, and many CD drives can also write (record) data directly from the CD. If you have a disc burner, you can store copies of files on a blank CD. You can also use the CD player of a music CD in your computer.<br />DVD players can do what the CD, plus DVD playback. If you have a DVD player, you can watch movies on your computer. Many DVD drives can write data to blank DVD discs.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" ><br />Council </span><br />If you have a CD or DVD drive, periodically back up (copy) important files to CD or DVD. In this way, if your hard drive fails, never lose data.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-69189306919187626252011-03-15T23:08:00.000-07:002011-03-15T23:08:00.388-07:00Storage<span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >Storage</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">The team has one or more disk drives that store information devices in a metal or hard plastic. The album retains information even when the computer is off.<br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Hard Disk<br /></span>the computer's hard drive stores information on a hard disk, a rigid tray or a stack of discs with a magnetic surface. Because hard disk</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:130%;">s can contain large amounts of information, usual</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:130%;">ly serve as the primary means of storage of equipment, keeping almost all of your programs and files. The hard disk is usually located i</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:130%;">nside the unit.<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Nbh-A2Bwa2A/TX8C6rZXWqI/AAAAAAAAA3c/BeUjpXrdKvk/s1600/e2481b8c-b06c-43ea-bf60-32ac8e24e6f0.png"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 187px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Nbh-A2Bwa2A/TX8C6rZXWqI/AAAAAAAAA3c/BeUjpXrdKvk/s320/e2481b8c-b06c-43ea-bf60-32ac8e24e6f0.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5584185270067485346" border="0" /></a></span></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-24134826165399524482011-03-14T22:30:00.000-07:002011-03-14T22:49:06.328-07:00PC Parts<span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Parts of a computer</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">If you use a desktop computer, you may already know that there is no single piece, called "computer". The computer system is really a lot together. The physical components, which you can see and touch, are collectively called hardware. (Software, on the other hand refers to the instructions, or programs that tell the hardware what to do.)<br /><br />The illustration below shows the most common material in a desktop computer system. Your system may seem a little different, but it most su</span><span style="font-size:100%;">rely these parts. A laptop computer has similar parts but combines them into one package size laptop.</span><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nns0Gjelehg/TX75xy0Nz2I/AAAAAAAAA3M/xexDskwT9WY/s1600/6d80ae20-99b2-45dc-8118-a4a34d7c3cf4.png"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 250px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nns0Gjelehg/TX75xy0Nz2I/AAAAAAAAA3M/xexDskwT9WY/s320/6d80ae20-99b2-45dc-8118-a4a34d7c3cf4.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5584175221835681634" border="0" /></a><span style="font-size:100%;">Let's take a look at each of these parts.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">System Enhed</span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Kernen i Systemet enhed er and edb system. normalto er på det eller Kasse placeret in rektangulær In skrivebordet. Kasse India eat er i denne Elektronisk Komponenter, BEHANDLA der oplysninger. Den af disse vigtigste Komponenter first central processing unit (CPU), mikroprocessoren eller, som der Füngers "hjernen computerID Andet element i. first and random access memory (RAM), som om oplysninger midlertidigt Gemmer, in CPU'en witches, men computerID c / tændt. De oplysninger, der i RAM gems, Sletten, computerID Når c / slukket.<br /><br />Nearly all other parts of your computer connects to the CPU by using cables. The spark plug wires on specific ports (openings), usually in </span><span style="font-size:100%;">the back of the unit. The team that is not part of the system unit is sometimes called a peripheral or device.</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VnNWwycFIzE/TX79lvyqRgI/AAAAAAAAA3U/0ZLmnHETzSE/s1600/3488262f-4995-4d5a-a1fd-c2e1cd4edd9b.png"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 254px; height: 300px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VnNWwycFIzE/TX79lvyqRgI/AAAAAAAAA3U/0ZLmnHETzSE/s320/3488262f-4995-4d5a-a1fd-c2e1cd4edd9b.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5584179412911932930" border="0" /></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-88061479012198918602011-02-01T08:55:00.000-08:002011-02-01T09:16:44.888-08:00General Research Areas in Wireless Networks<span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">General Research Areas in Wireless Networks:</span></span><br /><br />1 – Sensor Networks [Clustering, Self organizing, SWORM Intelligence etc. ]<br />2 – Mesh Networks [Delay Tolerance, Network Optimization, Network Scalability, Issues at different layers]<br />3 – Next Generation Networks, Long Term Evolution (LTE)<br />4 – Cognitive Radio (MAC Protocol Issues), Different other Spectrum Issues<br />5 – Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) Different Issues in Security, Routing, Link Stability, QoS and so on.<br /><br /><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_YFZmdZDp3Zs/TUg_PZ52ylI/AAAAAAAAA1U/GAIkl3-Vrs0/s1600/General%2BResearch%2BAreas%2Bin%2BWireless%2BNetworks.jpg"><img style="float: right; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; cursor: pointer; width: 196px; height: 146px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_YFZmdZDp3Zs/TUg_PZ52ylI/AAAAAAAAA1U/GAIkl3-Vrs0/s320/General%2BResearch%2BAreas%2Bin%2BWireless%2BNetworks.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5568770473127758418" border="0" /></a><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >Simulation Tools (To simulate your ideas and to get results)</span><br /><br />1- <a href="http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/">Network Simulator</a> (NS2) [Free ware software]<br />2- <a href="http://pcl.cs.ucla.edu/projects/glomosim/">GloMoSim/Parsec.</a> [It is freely distributed under an academic public license]<br />3- <a href="http://www.omnetpp.org/">OMNeT++</a> [Free ware software]<br />4- <a href="http://www.j-sim.org/">JSim</a> [Free ware software]Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-58041677892487534612010-12-07T08:23:00.000-08:002010-12-07T08:23:00.408-08:00Wireless Communications Technology Map Poster* A complete guide to wireless communication technology to network professionals, and telecommunications. * Easy to use training reference data communications and wireless technology students to get an overall picture of WLAN, WPAN, WMAN, WWAN and Mobile technologies. * A unique marketing tool for telecom and wireless hardware, software and service providers, lead generation, and a unique gift for partners and customers. * Protocol stack information on the WLAN, WiMAX, Bluetooth, ZigBee, UWB and wireless. * Graphs, trees in developing technologies and a wireless G 4G and GSM / GPRS / WCDMA and cdmaOne/CDMA2000. * Comprehensive reference architecture framework to show all wireless technologies in a chart for quick understanding of the framework. * Designed for experts who have decades of experience in wireless, data and telecommunications.<br />Designed for wireless communication engineers and marketing, wireless communication technology educators and students, this card's wireless communication technology covers all major wireless technologies: Wireless LAN (WLAN), WiMAX for metropolitan area networks (WMAN), Bluetooth, ZigBee and UWB for personal area network (WPAN) and mobile wireless technologies (WWAN) from 1G to 3G. The wireless hardware, software and service providers can buy as a marketing, sales, trade shows, seminars and web / email leads generation programs. Telecom networks and IT training organizations can use it as an additional tool of education or a gift for motivating students and traineesUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-29523694709545971392010-12-06T08:05:00.000-08:002010-12-06T08:05:00.826-08:00APP ServerAPP Server is a tool that allows users to meet the challenges password token received from an external network access server (NAS). Access servers network provides a complex security algorithm that forces a user to be in possession of a security card that can generate a password. When a user on the LAN will start a program that requires a connection to a host on a secure network, Pipeline is calling, and after negotiating the initial session, a remote NAS challenge going back. The user has 60 seconds to obtain and enter the password of the current dynamic security card.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-22645183687671460312010-12-05T00:56:00.000-08:002010-12-05T00:57:28.516-08:00What Programming Actually IsThis article outlines what programming actually is, with a view to helping aspiring programmers decide if they are making the right career choice.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-76625071910001608562010-05-22T10:08:00.000-07:002010-05-22T10:19:53.747-07:00List data structureThis is a new data structure for you. The List data structure is among the most generic of data structures. In daily life, we use shopping list, groceries list, list of people to invite to a dinner, list of presents to give etc. In this course, we will see how we use lists in programming.<br /><br />A list is the collection of items of the same type (grocery items, integers, names). The data in arrays are also of same type. When we say int x[6]; it means that only the integers can be stored in it. The same is true for list. The data which we store in list should be of same nature. The items, or elements of the list, are stored in some particular order. What does this mean? Suppose in the list, you have the fruit first which are also in some order. You may have names in some alphabetical order i.e. the names which starts with A should come first followed by the name starting with B and so on. The order will be reserved when you enter data in the list.<br /><br />It is possible to insert new elements at various positions in the list and remove any element of the list. You have done the same thing while dealing with arrays. You enter the data in the array, delete data from the array. Sometimes the array size grows and at times, it is reduced. We will do this with the lists too.<br /><br />List is a set of elements in a linear order. Suppose we have four names a1, a2, a3, a4 and their order is as (a3, a1, a2, a4) i.e. a3, is the first element, a1 is the second element, and so on. We want to maintain that order in the list when data is stored in the list. We don’t want to disturb this order. The order is important here; this is not just a random collection of elements but an ordered one. Sometimes, this order is due to sorting i.e. the things that start with A come first. At occasions, the order may be due to the importance of the data items. We will discuss this in detail while dealing with the examples.<br /><br />Now we will see what kind of operations a programmer performs with a list data structure. Following long list of operations may help you understand the things in a comprehensive manner.<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_YFZmdZDp3Zs/S_gRPHF6xZI/AAAAAAAAAns/xLO_YnYKmWA/s1600/Untitled-1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 121px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_YFZmdZDp3Zs/S_gRPHF6xZI/AAAAAAAAAns/xLO_YnYKmWA/s320/Untitled-1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5474144298368419218" border="0" /></a><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/crystal/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot.jpg" alt="" />createList() is a function which creates a new list. For example to create an array, we use int x[6] or int* y = new int[20]; we need similar functionality in lists too. The copy() function will create a copy of a list. The function clear() will remove all the elements from a list. We want to insert a new element in the list, we also have to tell where to put it in the list. For this purpose insert(X, position) function is used. Similarly the function remove(position) will remove the element at position. To get an element from the list get(position) function is used which will return the element at position. To replace an element in the list at some position the function update(X, position) is used. The function find(X) will search X in the list. The function length() tells us about the number of elements in the list.<br /><br />We need to know what is meant by “particular position” we have used “?” for this in the above table. There are two possibilities:<br /><br /><ul><li>Use the actual index of element: i.e. insert it after element 3, get element number 6. This approach is used with arrays</li></ul><ul><li>Use a “current” marker or pointer to refer to a particular position in the list.</li></ul>The first option is used in the data structures like arrays. When we have to manipulate the arrays, we use index like x[3], x[6]. In the second option we do not use first, second etc for position but say wherever is the current pointer. Just think of a pointer in the list that we can move forward or backward. When we say get, insert or update while using the current pointer, it means that wherever is the current pointer, get data from that position, insert data after that position or update the data at that position. In this case, we need not to use numbers. But it is our responsibility that current pointer is used in a proper way.<br /><br />If we use the “current” marker, the following four methods would be useful:<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_YFZmdZDp3Zs/S_gSChu0uxI/AAAAAAAAAn0/lR0pO4d9cGM/s1600/Untitled-1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 64px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_YFZmdZDp3Zs/S_gSChu0uxI/AAAAAAAAAn0/lR0pO4d9cGM/s320/Untitled-1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5474145181692640018" border="0" /></a>In the next lecture, we will discuss the implementation of the list data structure and write the functions discussed today, in C++ language.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-58575710311511595012010-05-02T09:11:00.000-07:002010-05-02T09:15:53.178-07:00Why Programming is importantThe question most of the people ask is why should we learn to<a href="http://camnetway.blogspot.com/2010/01/program.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> program</span></a> when there are so many application software and code generators available to do the task for us. Well the answer is as give by the Matthias Felleisen in the book ‘How to design<a href="http://camnetway.blogspot.com/2010/01/program.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> programs</span></a>’<br /><br />“The answer consists of two parts. First, it is indeed true that traditional forms of programming are useful for just a few people. But, programming as we the authors understand it is useful for everyone: the administrative secretary who uses spreadsheets as well as the high-tech programmer. In other words, we have a broader notion of programming in mind than the traditional one. We explain our notion in a moment. Second, we teach our idea of programming with a technology that is based on the principle of minimal intrusion. Hence, our notion of programming teaches problem-analysis and problem-solving skills without imposing the overhead of traditional programming notations and tools.”<br /><br />Hence learning to <a href="http://camnetway.blogspot.com/2010/01/program.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;">program</span></a> is important because it develops analytical and problem solving abilities. It is a creative activity and provides us a mean to express abstract ideas. Thus programming is fun and is much more than a vocational skill. By designing programs, we learn many skills that are important for all professions. These skills can be summarized as:<br /><br /><ul><li>Critical reading</li><li>Analytical thinking</li><li>Creative synthesis</li></ul>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-28332924564298746642010-04-12T10:10:00.000-07:002010-04-12T10:25:39.272-07:00ArraysYou have already studied about arrays and are well-versed with the techniques to utilize these data structures. Here we will discuss how arrays can be used to solve computer problems. Consider the following program:<br /><br />main( int argc, char** argv )<br />{<br />int x[6];<br />int j;<br />for(j = 0; j < 6; j++)<br />x[j] = 2 * j;<br />}<br /><br />We have declared an int array of six elements and initialized it in the loop.<br /><br />Let’s revise some of the array concepts. The declaration of array is as int x[6]; or float x[6]; or double x[6]; You have already done these in your programming assignments. An array is collection of cells of the same type. In the above program, we have array x of type int of six elements. We can only store integers in this array. We cannot put int in first location, float in second location and double in third location. What is x? x is a name of collection of items. Its individual items are numbered from zero to one less than array size. To access a cell, use the array name and an index as under:<br /><br /> x[0], x[1], x[2], x[3], x[4], x[5]<br /><br />To manipulate the first element, we will use the index zero as x[0] and so on. The arrays look like in the memory as follows:<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_YFZmdZDp3Zs/S8NWeoVfC7I/AAAAAAAAAnc/P70kC2lX1CU/s1600/Arrays.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 180px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_YFZmdZDp3Zs/S8NWeoVfC7I/AAAAAAAAAnc/P70kC2lX1CU/s320/Arrays.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5459302257526770610" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Array occupies contiguous memory area in the computer. In case of the above example, if some location is assigned to x[0], the next location can not contain data other than x[1]. The computer memory can be thought of as an array. It is a very big array. Suppose a computer has memory of 2MB, you can think it as an array of size 2 million and the size of each item is 32 bits. You will study in detail about it in the computer organization, and Assembly language courses. In this array, we will put our programs, data and other things.<br /><br />In the above program, we have declared an array named x. ‘x’ is an array’s name but there is no variable x. ‘x’ is not an lvalue. If some variable can be written on the left- hand side of an assignment statement, this is lvalue variable. It means it has some memory associated with it and some value can be assigned to it. For example, if we have the code int a, b; it can be written as b = 2; it means that put 2 in the memory location named b. We can also write as a = b; it means whatever b has assign it to a, that is a copy operation. If we write as a = 5; it means put the number 5 in the memory location which is named as a. But we cannot write 2 = a; that is to put at number 2 what ever the value of a is. Why can’t we do that? Number 2 is a constant. If we allow assignment to constants what will happen? Suppose ‘a’ has the value number 3. Now we assigned number 2 the number 3 i.e. all the number 2 will become number 3 and the result of 2 + 2 will become 6. Therefore it is not allowed.<br /><br />‘x’ is a name of array and not an lvalue. So it cannot be used on the left hand side in an assignment statement. Consider the following statements<br /><br />int x[6];<br />int n;<br />x[0] = 5; x[1] = 2;<br />x = 3; //not allowed<br />x = a + b; // not allowed<br />x = &n; // not allowed<br /><br />In the above code snippet, we have declared an array x of int. Now we can assign values to the elements of x as x[0] = 5 or x[1] = 2 and so on. The last three statements are not allowed. What does the statement x = 3; mean? As x is a name of array and this statement is not clear, what we are trying to do here? Are we trying to assign 3 to each element of the array? This statement is not clear. Resultantly, it can not be allowed. The statement x = a + b is also not allowed. There is nothing wrong with a + b. But we cannot assign the sum of values of a and b to x. In the statement x = &n, we are trying to assign the memory address of n to x which is not allowed. The reason is the name x is not lvalue and we cannot assign any value to it. For understanding purposes, consider x as a constant. Its name or memory location can not be changed. This is a collective name for six locations. We can access these locations as x[0], x[1] up to x[5]. This is the way arrays are manipulated.<br /><br />Sometimes, you would like to use an array data structure but may lack the information about the size of the array at compile time. Take the example of telephone directory. You have to store one lakh (100,000) names in an array. But you never know that the number of entries may get double or decline in future. Similarly, you can not say that the total population of the country is one crore (10 million) and declare an array of one crore names. You can use one lakh locations now and remaining will be used as the need arrives. But this is not a good way of using the computer resources. You have declared a very big array while using a very small chunk of it. Thus the remaining space goes waste which can, otherwise, be used by some other programs.<br /><br />We will see what can be the possible solution of this problem?<br /><br />Suppose you need an integer array of size n after the execution of the program. We have studied that if it is known at the execution of the program that an array of size 20 or 30 is needed, it is allocated dynamically. The programming statement is as follows:<br /><br />int* y = new int[20];<br /><br />It means we are requesting computer to find twenty memory locations. On finding it, the computer will give the address of first location to the programmer which will be stored in y. Arrays locations are contiguous i.e. these are adjacent. These twenty locations will be contiguous, meaning that they will be neighbors to each other. Now y has become an array and we can say y[0] =1 or y[5] = 15. Here y is an lvalue. Being a pointer, it is a variable where we can store the address of some variable. When we said int* y = new int[20]; the new returns the memory address of first of the twenty locations and we store that address into y. As y is a pointer variable so it can be used on the left-hand side. We can write it as:<br /><br />y = &x[0];<br /><br />In the above statement, we get the address of the fist location of the array x and store it in y. As y is lvalue, so it can be used on left hand side. This means that the above statement is correct.<br /><br />y = x;<br /><br />Similarly, the statement y = x is also correct. x is an array of six elements that holds the address of the first element. But we cannot change this address. However we can get that address and store it in some other variable. As y is a pointer variable and lvalue so the above operation is legal. We have dynamically allocated the memory for the array. This memory, after the use, can be released so that other programs can use it. We can use the delete keyword to release the memory. The syntax is:<br /><br />delete[ ] y;<br /><br />We are releasing the memory, making it available for use by other programs. We will not do it in case of x array, as ‘new’ was not used for its creation. So it is not our responsibility to delete x.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-4537359217822200592010-04-09T09:17:00.000-07:002010-04-09T09:26:29.927-07:00What is programmingAs this course is titled “Introduction to programming”, therefore it is most essential and appropriate to understand what programming really means. Let us first see a widely known definition of programming.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Definition: </span>"A program is a precise sequence of steps to solve a particular problem.”<br /><br />It means that when we say that we have a program, it actually means that we know about a complete set activities to be performed in a particular order. The purpose of these activities is to solve a given problem.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Alan Perlis,</span> a professor at Yale University, says:<br /><br />"It goes against the grain of modern education to teach children to program. What fun is there in making plans, acquiring discipline in organizing thoughts, devoting attention to detail and learning to be self-critical? "<br /><br />It is a sarcastic statement about modern education, and it means that the modern education is not developing critical skills like planning, organizing and paying attention to detail. Practically, in our day to day lives we are constantly planning, organizing and paying attention to fine details (if we want our plans to succeed). And it is also fun to do these activities. For example, for a picnic trip we plan where to go, what to wear, what to take for lunch, organize travel details and have a good time while doing so.<br /><br />When we talk about computer programming then as Mr. Steve Summit puts it<br /><br />“At its most basic level, programming a computer simply means telling it what to do, and this vapid-sounding definition is not even a joke. There are no other truly fundamental aspects of computer programming; everything else we talk about will simply be the details of a particular, usually artificial, mechanism for telling a computer what to do. Sometimes these mechanisms are chosen because they have been found to be convenient for programmers (people) to use; other times they have been chosen because they're easy for the computer to understand. The first hard thing about programming is to learn, become comfortable with, and accept these artificial mechanisms, whether they make ``sense'' to you or not. “Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-82211300430301588012010-04-02T09:45:00.000-07:002010-04-02T09:55:40.828-07:00Goals of this CourseReinforce the concept that costs and benefits exist for every <span style="font-weight: bold;">data structure</span>. We will learn this with practice.<br /><br />Learn the commonly used <span style="font-weight: bold;">data structures</span>. These form a <a href="http://camnetway.blogspot.com/search/label/Introduction%20to%20Programming"><span style="font-weight: bold;">programmer's</span></a> basic data structure <span style="font-weight: bold;">“toolkit”</span>. In the previous course, you have learned how to form a loop,<span style="font-weight: bold;"> functions</span>, use of arrays, classes and how to write programs for different problems. In this course, you will make use of <span style="font-weight: bold;">data structures</span> and have a feeling that there is bag full of different data structures. In case of some problem, you will get a data structure from the toolkit and use some suitable data structure.<br /><br />Understand how to measure the cost of a <span style="font-weight: bold;">data structure</span> or <a href="http://camnetway.blogspot.com/2010/01/program.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;">program</span></a>. These techniques also allow you to judge the merits of new data structures that you or others might develop. At times, you may have two suitable <span style="font-weight: bold;">data structures </span>for some problem. These can be tried one by one to adjudge which one is better one. How can you decide which data structure is better than other. Firstly, a <a href="http://camnetway.blogspot.com/search/label/Systems%20Programming"><span style="font-weight: bold;">programmer</span></a> can do it by writing two programs using different data structure while solving the same problem. Now execute both <span style="font-weight: bold;">data structures</span>. One gives the result before the other. The data structure that gives results first is better than the other one. But sometimes, the data grows too large in the problem. Suppose we want to solve some problem having names and the data of names grows to10 lakhs (<span style="font-weight: bold;">one million</span>). Now when you run both programs, the second program runs faster. What does it mean? Is the data structure used in program one not correct? This is not true. The size of the data, being manipulated in the program can grow or shrink. You will also see that some <span style="font-weight: bold;">data structures</span> are good for small data while the others may suit to huge data. But the problem is how can we determine that the data in future will increase or decrease. We should have some way to take decision in this regard. In this course we will do some mathematical analysis and see which <span style="font-weight: bold;">data structure</span> is better one.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-659615463907098886.post-48053799299128660912010-03-21T11:22:00.000-07:002010-03-21T11:30:47.251-07:00Data Structure PhilosophyLet’s talk about the <span style="font-weight: bold;">philosophy</span> of <a href="http://camnetway.blogspot.com/2010/03/introduction-to-data-structures.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;">data structure</span></a>. Each data structure has costs and benefits. Any data structure used in your <span style="font-weight: bold;">program </span>will have some benefits. For this, you have to pay price. That can be computer resources or the time. Also keep in mind that you are solving this <span style="font-weight: bold;">problem</span> for some client. If the program is not efficient, the client will not buy it.<br /><br />In rare cases, a <span style="font-weight: bold;">data structure</span> may be better than another one in all situations. It means that you may think that the array is good enough for all the problems. Yet this is not necessary. In different situations, different <span style="font-weight: bold;">data structures </span>will be suitable. Sometimes you will realize that two different data structures are suitable for the problem. In such a case, you have to choose the one that is more appropriate. An important skill this course is going to lend to the students is use the data structure according to the situation. You will learn the <a href="http://camnetway.blogspot.com/2010/01/program.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;">programming</span></a> in a way that it will be possible to replace the one data structure with the other one if it does not prove suitable. We will replace the data structure so that the rest of the program is not affected. You will also have to attain this skill as a good <span style="font-weight: bold;">programmer</span>.<br /><br />There are three basic things associated with data structures. A data structure requires:<br /><ul><li style="font-weight: bold;">space for each data item it stores</li><li style="font-weight: bold;">time to perform each basic operation</li><li><span style="font-weight: bold;">programming effor</span>t</li></ul><span style="font-weight: bold;">Goals of this Course</span><br />Reinforce the concept that costs and benefits exist for every data structure. We will learn this with practice.<br /><br />Learn the commonly used data structures. These form a programmer's basic data structure “<span style="font-weight: bold;">toolkit</span>”. In the previous course, you have learned how to form a loop, functions, use of arrays, classes and how to write <span style="font-weight: bold;">programs</span> for <span style="font-weight: bold;">different problems</span>. In this course, you will make use of data structures and have a feeling that there is bag full of different data structures. In case of some problem, you will get a data structure from the toolkit and use some suitable data structure.<br /><br />Understand how to measure the cost of a <span style="font-weight: bold;">data structure</span> or program. These techniques also allow you to judge the merits of new data structures that you or others might develop. At times, you may have two suitable data structures for some problem. These can be tried one by one to adjudge which one is better one. How can you decide which data structure is better than other. Firstly, a programmer can do it by writing two programs using different data structure while <span style="font-weight: bold;">solving</span> the same problem. Now execute both data structures. One gives the result before the other. The data structure that gives results first is better than the other one. But sometimes, the <span style="font-weight: bold;">data grows</span> too large in the problem. Suppose we want to solve some problem having names and the data of names grows to10 lakhs (one million). Now when you run both programs, the second program runs faster. What does it mean? Is the data structure used in program one not correct? This is not true. The size of the data, being manipulated in the program can grow or shrink. You will also see that some data structures are good for small data while the others may suit to huge data. But the <span style="font-weight: bold;">problem</span> is how can we determine that the data in future will increase or decrease. We should have some way to take decision in this regard. In this course we will do some mathematical analysis and see which <a href="http://camnetway.blogspot.com/2010/03/introduction-to-data-structures.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;">data structure</span></a> is better one.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com13